Strength And Weakness Of Electronic Human Resource Commerce Essay Example For Students

Strength And Weakness Of Electronic Human Resource Commerce Essay In our study discusses about strength and failings of electronic Human Resource and discusses some deductions for future research. e-HR s package brings a high grade of homogeneousness and standardisation platform for smooth working in an organisation. It helps to convey the control and efficiency required by HR. An initial model the reappraisal analyzes HR professionals at organisation introduced a engineering based direction information system ( MIS ) . This system enabled the employees to be more expeditiously administered ( in theory ) through an impersonal system to convey into conformance with regulations for paysheet, attending and promptness. Hence, e-HR package interface in salary determinations and others linked to people. The e-HR systems are core applications who cut down the complete clip of Human Resource Management. It has achieved informations from an administrative map, which responsible from paysheet to assist in strategic determination doing that can add value to a n organisation. Companies have now realized. The function e-HR has developed as grow of organisation the chiefly administrative becomes concern spouse. At same clip e-HR provide the concern possess such as stable, dependable which makes high acknowledgment within the organisation. We will write a custom essay on Strength And Weakness Of Electronic Human Resource Commerce specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now After execution e-HR in any organisation, company can easy salvage there cost. Because e-HR usage endeavor and cyberspace, expeditiously connect people such a manner if gives all information they need. It besides manages relationship, streamlines procedures and improves the Se of information to do strategic and operational determinations. e-HR about linking people clients, providers, employees with information. It s about doing organisations more efficient and more profitable Outline1 Introduction2 Recent Development in E HR or HRIS3 Definition4 Critical Analysis of Electronic Human Resources ( e-HR )5 Background Strategic human resources and e-HRM6 Strength7 Employee Self- Service ( ESS )8 Managerial Self-Service ( MSS )9 Developing human resources:10 Changes in the function of the HR map:11 Failings:12 Brief Analysis of whether e-hr is lending towards HR going more strategic13 Decision Introduction Due to market development, the director roles has changed in recent old ages, and partially besides due to new engineerings being used by the organisation that they are working in. As a consequence, organisation demands to analyze their ain organisational Human Resource function. ( Alleyne et al, 2007 ) In today planetary markets, organisations and companies recognize that in order to vie, are based on the quality and effectivity of their employees to win. Human Resource directors today need a universe category Human Resource direction system to assist them in day-to-day strategic and operational determination. Over the last recent old ages, with the progress of Intranet and Internet engineerings, Human Resource tools known as electronic Human Resource direction ( HRM ) emerged. ( Hooi, 2009 ) Recent Development in E HR or HRIS In the 1990s client/ waiter systems are the ideal constellation for most companies. But in recent old ages, companies are get downing the undertakings of migrating their bequest systems to new bundles designed with more beforehand construction. And they are normally what we know today as Human Resource Information System ( HRIS ) , which is portion of the Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP ) . ERP are able to offer companies the advantage in term of functionality, storage capacity, public presentation and an chance to reengineer their HR processes. Due to the fast rapid development of engineerings and alterations in the fundamental of concern, the Human Resource Department today can non run like the old yearss. It is non plenty to hold a group of people who merely need to cognize all about the benefits programs, salary plan, and calling chance within the organisation. The demand for skilled workers, particularly cognition workers, besides helps to speed up the demand for HRIS to help in strategic function of HR. ( Stone et el, 2006 ) Definition Tocopherol HRM Harmonizing to a group of Researcher from Singapore Ministry of Manpower, Human Capital Development Division, E-HRM refers as active usage of electronic media and engagement of employees with engineering to assist to lower disposal costs, and better the communicating of their employee with quicker entree to information, and cut down clip needed in processing. ( Hooi, 2009 ) Human Resource Information System ( HRIS ) fundamentally is a human resource database system that allows you to maintain path of all types of Human Resource information related to the organisation and it s human capital. However, non all companies that name their system an HRIS Human Resource Information System are comprehensive plenty. If the human Resource system, are merely able to manage one or two maps, illustration such as benefits like disposal or paysheet, so we do non see it as a comprehensive HRIS. ( Bondarouk A ; Ruel, 2009 ) Electronic Human Resource ( EHR ) it refers to carry oning concern dealing in human resource related utilizing the Internet. ( LengnickHall A ; Moritz 2003 ) Normally refer normally to Employee Management System that is usually refers to browser based Human Resource web portal. Unlike HRIS, E-HR or Employee Management System can normally manage limited maps or benefits, such as paysheet and leave application. The growing of E-HR was due to the rapid development of Internet engineerings in the ninetiess. With point and click easiness of usage, E- HR are normally really user friendly and easy to utilize. Widely used by companies particularly little and average endeavor, who ca nt afford a comprehensive Human Resource System such as HRIS. .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594 , .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594 .postImageUrl , .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594 , .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594:hover , .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594:visited , .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594:active { border:0!important; } .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594:active , .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594 .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: La Princesse De Cleves EssayHuman Resource Management ( HRM ) it refer to a signifier of support map that services its ain internal clients, illustration employee. ( Alleyne et al, 2007 ) Critical Analysis of Electronic Human Resources ( e-HR ) In recent old ages, with the promotion of intranet and cyberspace, enable a new moving ridge of human resource ( HR ) engineering to emerge, with the purpose to help human resources administrative maps. With these e-HRM maps, HR service is expected to better by both the direction and employees. ( Hooi, 2009 ) As more and more Human Resource Departments traveling toward Internet or Web-based Technology, we need to measure and do comparing between the Online Human Resource Management and Traditional Human Resource Management System. ( Payne et al, 2009 ) Background Strategic human resources and e-HRM Strength The major functional functions of E-HR are to back up Human Resource processes such as are enrolling, preparation and public presentation direction. ( Stone el, 2006 ) The turning tendency in E-HR allows the development of tools such as Employee Self- Service ( ESS ) Employee Self Service or ESS gives the employee of the organisation the ability to entree, keeping his or her ain personal HR Information online. The employee self-service ( ESS ) capablenesss allow and enable the employees to make, position, and modify informations anytime and anyplace by themselves, utilizing multiple engineerings. With easy or easiness of accessing to the information they need to make their occupations, the employees can besides pull off responsibilities that were antecedently handled for them by forces from HR section, with an employee centric portal. ESS besides helps to hasten life, and work alterations, liberating the HR professionals from everyday HR related administrative undertakings and leting them to give more of their clip and resources to a something more strategic enterprises. Managerial Self-Service ( MSS ) Enable the directors to entree a assortment of HR-related tools and information online. Most director HR-related undertakings can be done via MSS applications illustration like paysheet disposal or compensation, staff public presentation direction, hiring, and employee calling or preparation development. Overall, the chief strength that an Electronic Human Resource System allows: Employees to better or keep occupation public presentation Set criterions for Human Resources work procedure Give acknowledgment to occupation related achievements Enhance Communication and working relationship between employee and sections Identify the public presentation of single employee Outline the duty of employee and supervisory. ( Payne et el, 2009 ) Developing human resources: With the aid of cyberspace and intranet in development and preparation is the largely examine component of e-HR and without any uncertainty the 1 with the most existing in possibility in footings of cost and benefits. The web-based package can be used for assessment preparation, and direction calling of all e-learning activity. For the less paperwork and more benefit including acquiring more information on preparation, and appraisal it provide e mail and electronic signifiers of intranet or the restricted web site. Lower disposal cost, shorter distribution and response clip, and higher response rate ( McClelland, 1994 ) . Changes in the function of the HR map: They all agreed that the acceptance of e-HR will decidedly back up HR maps. It will assist doing administrative undertakings easier and more productive. Apart from the administrative procedures, other HR procedures such as invention, communicating, and larning and calling planning will be improved and supported with the usage of e-HR. So the consequence, e-HR usage can back up non merely the traditional HR function but besides the alliance of HR maps with the organisation s strategic aims. However, two of the participants commented that HR has a long manner to travel before consequences and benefits of e-HR acceptance, particularly for HR development, will be touchable The benefits as show in fig: Failings: The list below summarizes the grounds for following and non following e-HR for users and non-users severally. Companies utilizing e-HR: facilitation of the enlisting procedure ; benefits for communicating ; and Cost effectivity. Companies non utilizing e-HR: limited utility ; security concerns ; incompatibility with patterns used ; and Other practical jobs. Their lone disadvantage is to loss of confidentiality. E-learning includes the acquisition activity supported by information engineerings. It can take local intranet computing machines, or full entree to internet, pulling upon a full scope of multimedia, links to other sites and resources, downloadable streaming picture and communicating systems ( Sambrook, 2003 ) . E-learning offers a solution to preparation in remote. Issues: available on www.emeraldinsight.com/0048-3486.htm Presents, organisation reaches capableness of bing to run HR operations more expeditiously. For more expeditiously work we need to unite together in one manus for this gather the information and communicating engineering. The chief issue is fleet development of electronic HR systems ( Stanton and Coovert, 2004 ; Fletcher, 2005 ) . .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254 , .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254 .postImageUrl , .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254 , .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254:hover , .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254:visited , .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254:active { border:0!important; } .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254:active , .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254 .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Social Justice In Education EssayThe E-HR provide the facilitate to more efficient and strategic manner of working for HR. since vitamin E HR engineering runs parallel to the debut administrative support of the HR. it really hard to map it. For illustration Reception and assimilation by employees is considered to be an of import factor when implementing E-HRM. The ability to get by with alterations in the HR map and The current issue and full text archive of this diary is available at the support that is provided to employees during E-HRM execution is besides deemed indispensable ( Haines and Petit, 1997 ; Fisher and Howell, 2004 ; Ruta, 2004 ; RueA?let al. , 2004 ) . Howe ver, there is small empirical cognition on concurrent employee Brief Analysis of whether e-hr is lending towards HR going more strategic Most of us, I believe will be convinced that utilizing E-HR will significantly assist the company to better the bringing of the HR services to the organisation. Higher efficiencies, and higher client satisfaction, no uncertainty will assist to take down costs, due to redesigned procedures and extinguish manual work procedure. Decidedly e-hr has the possible to be able contribute towards HR going more strategic. But for E-HR to be able to play a more strategic function, there must be a strong concern instance. Emerging strategic e-HRM research tend to suit and concentrate on concern scheme. ( Marler, 2009 ) A concern instance can be perplexing. For the instance of web-based or E-HR concern can be used to turn to all types of inquiries, for illustration: Do we truly necessitate a Web-Based solution? Do we necessitate to implement employee or director ego services? Can we utilize our bing intranet for HR dealing? Are we traveling to utilize the bing bequest human resource system as the implicit in database for web solution, or a Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP ) System? Can we be after and implement a shared services group as portion of the Web enterprise? Should we travel for one-vendor HR portal scheme, or should we travel with a best-of-breed attack? A concern instance must ever, built around aims like type of concern, fiscal, functional, operational, or some combination. Meaning we need to supply the concern direction with cost benefit and return on investing informations in difficult economic footings. How can E-HR assist the organisation in strategic function? To concern, the nucleus aim is to do more money. The concern and inquiries inquire by direction is how E-HR can assist the concern to cut down disbursals or increase in their gross strategically? Questions on the head of the direction like, what can we derive from: Productivity nest eggs Improve quality and decreased rework Sourcing Salvaging Make services more stingily and higher quality Information System Saving Reduce the care of bing systems Other Saving. Salvage the cost of stuff like paper, computing machine printout. But the most of import facet and nucleus maps of E-HR strategic benefits can convey to a organisation are: Recruitment What endowment do we necessitate? Sourcing and pulling Who is the right endowment? Where is the right endowment? How to pull the endowment to articulations us. Appraisal and rating Identify, evaluate and select the right people we want. Hire What is the right offer that we can offer attracts the campaigner to fall in the organisation? Deployment Move people into the right place in the organisation that can use their endowment. Retention- How can we maintain the endowment invested, and engaged in the organisation? In today s globalisation competition, the strong demand for skilled workers, particularly cognition workers, besides helps to speed up the demand for HRIS to help in strategic function of HR. ( Stone et al 2006 ) Decision The HR plays a really of import function in any Origination, every bit good as HR builds a span between top direction and employers. Nowadays there is a large competitory market for any organisation. So they want to spread out their organisation up to certain degree to run into their demands. Once the organisation grows the work burden for HR will increase and they will be unable to pull off all the work manually. So for avoiding this sort of state of affairs in the organisation they need a incorporate system in their company. That clip e-HR comes in the image, which suits their demands, Such as Employee Self- Service ( ESS ) Managerial Self-Service ( MSS ) Management Information system ( MIS ) Developing human resources Changes in the function of the HR map The future E-HR will go more sophisticated, and more individualised tools for both directors and employees. Improved determination devising tools will profit both the organisations and employee. ( LengnickHall A ; Moritz 2003 )

Euthanisa essays

Euthanisa essays Not many of us spend our days in agonizing pain lying in bed wishing we were dead. Not many of us ponder up ways to end our own lives while thinking of ourselves as just burdens on those around us. For those that do however, there is often that chance to call for help. Having someone knowingly and intentionally provide the means to help suicidal persons kill themselves in a dignified manner is called assisted suicide, also known as euthanasia (Merrian-Webber 56-59). But, does assisted suicide really insure a dignified death? Euthanasia has been accepted legally and ethically in various forms in many societies. Euthanasia (Greek meaning "easy death") is the act of inducing gentle death (Cassell 1) . In ancient Greece and Rome it was permissible in certain situations to help others die. Both Socrates and Plato sanctioned forms of euthanasia in certain cases. Voluntary euthanasia for the elderly was an approved custom in several ancient societies. Great Britain, in 1935 and the United States, in 1938 established organizations supporting the legalization of voluntary euthanasia(Rehnke 7). The United States Supreme Court ruled that individuals have the constitutional right to decide what they want to happen to their body in the event that they become terminally ill or comatose (Russell 1). As, always there are those who disagree with anti-euthanasia task forces, and they will stop at nothing to continually push for the right to have assistance in dignifying their own death (Offsie 3). Many fight for those with a terminal illness arguing that it is their only way out of the pain and agony, and many speak out for those sentenced with other life changing problems, arguing that life no longer has any quality. It is not right for people to stop others from pursuing their hopes and wishes when it comes to suicide, but it is not justifiable to provide m ...

Technology and Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Technology and Capitalism - Essay Example This advertisement peg for his discourse allowed Hochschild to strongly argue that American society is currently being flooded by goods and services that promises people – busy people – of saving their precious time. Meanwhile, Sherry Turkle discourse on technology in Alone Together reinforced this take on capitalism today by explaining how tools and machines such as the Internet, personal computers, mobile phones and gadgets all became indispensable in modern way of life. Capitalism and Efficiency The concept of efficiency has been put forward in Hochschild’s culture of time (184). The argument is that in modern America, people are faced with the time dilemma. Most individuals have to balance personal/family life with work and career and all things in between. Here, the experience of American mothers was used as an example. With the Quaker Oats ad, it was depicted how mothers find it extremely challenging to spend quality time with their children when their job and occupations are also vying for an equal degree of attention. Hochschild identified that breakfast cereal – as suggested by its marketer – emerged as the solution for the dilemma. Modern capitalism made this possible. The oat brand is delicious and healthy, solving several problems for children as it provides a quality mother-child experience at the breakfast table and solves the child’s requirement for attention, love and well-being. The deliciously prepared oat meal, which any child will supposedly love is seen to qualify as sufficient for parents in order for them to let their children know they are loved and taken cared of. Finally, the oatmeal and the ease in its preparation provided the mother an opportunity to lessen time spent at home so she could be at her work or at her appointment on time. Turkle’s discourse on technology further explained Hochschild’s conception of time, efficiency and the permeation of goods and services that cater to the past two variables. She used technology and how it affected the lives of people today as the basis for her insights. The analogy is that technology has successfully ingratiated itself in the lives of people today because it addresses their main vulnerabilities. For instance, Turkle argued that people today are lonely and technology provides a convenient and perfect answer by providing an illusion of companionship without the demand for friendship (263). The pattern is clear: people are becoming dependent on the goods and services that can meet their demands for time and efficiency. The consequence is that people are increasingly substituting them for what is real. Substitution In Hochschild’s observation, people still value the conventional concepts of human relationship such as the family. Here, work and all other preoccupations are supposedly being undertaken in order for the family to survive and, do so comfortably. Ironically, this brings them further to it because the culture of work relegated family as a mere ideal, separate from what is real. To many people, wrote Hochschild, family is important morally and that they certainly cherish such ideal but â€Å"we don’t link what we think with what we do,† or we often say at work that we â€Å"don’t walk the talk at home (186). This perspective – the encapsulation of family as a mere ideal - supposedly make people reconcile the dilemma of the competing meanings in modern capitalism and its impact on modern necessities to traditional concepts such as the family. With technology, Turkle, provided several examples to this emerging preference for illusion and the substitution of goods and services for what is real. She pointed out, for instance: Some people are looking for robots to clean rugs and help with the laundry. Others hope for a mechanical bride. As sociable

Labour Dispute (identify Top 5 major issues between faculty and Essay

Labour Dispute (identify Top 5 major issues between faculty and university at St.FX university) - Essay Example Francis Xavier University. In the year 2012, a conflict was observed to take place between the StFX Association of University teachers and the StFX Administration board. In order to satisfy their demands, the teachers were further identified to call for a strike which further disrupted the entire education process of the university (McEvoy, 2012). Based on this understanding, the paper intends to identify the five major issues raised during the dispute among the faculties and the administration of StFX University. With reference to the news article written by Sean McEvoy with the title â€Å"StFX Professors O.K. Strike Option†, certain issues can be identified in the rudiments of the dispute between the faculty members of the university and the administration board. Among the various issues, inappropriate remuneration package, inadequate medical amenities, lack of job security along with financial problems can be identified as the four most significant problems caused through the dispute. Above all, the most significant issue that was identified with reference to this dispute was the lack of cooperation and coordination within the workforce and the administration board of the University. From an overall perspective, it can be observed that the faculty members of the university were not satisfied with the return they were able to avail through their employment in StFX University owing to the aforementioned issues which required greater consideration from the administration (McEvoy, 2012 ). By calling for a strike and disrupting the entire education process within the University, the faculty members wanted to ensure a comparative pay structure which shall be sufficient to satisfy their personal needs and assist StFX to obtain a competitive position in comparison to its sister institutions. According to McEvoy (2012), the issue concerning the weak pay structures was further observed to be informed to the administration in various instances. However, as no

Strategic Groups and Contribution to Industry Profitability Essay

Strategic Groups and Contribution to Industry Profitability - Essay Example Both institutions may belong to the same industry but do not compete directly with another, so the factors that affect either of them may not be critical in their success; instead, organisations within similar strategic groups ought to be considered (Amel and Froeb, 1991). In essence, a strategic group may be understood as a collection of firms that utilise common strategies and operate within common competitive environments. Membership within this entity determines the threats and opportunities that organisations are susceptible to as well as other components of their competitive environments. Knowledge of such information is critical in understanding why some strategic groups perform better than others and why firms cannot move between groups easily. The concept of mobility barriers captures the above changes; this term is analogous to entry barriers because it prevents companies from changing from less profitable strategic groups to ones that are more profitable. High mobility barriers in a strategic group assist in cementing positions of high performance for certain organisations and shield them from intense rivalry by new ones (Hill and Deeds, 1996). One way of understanding how strategic groups contribute to industry profitability is through an analysis of the motor vehicle market; a highly traditional yet technology-dependent industry. Organisations like Jaguar, Land Rover and Rolls Royce initially had vertically integrated business models. These companies operated within similar strategic groups where they took advantage of economies of scale as well as specialisation in order to maintain the competitive advantage. Even collision between them was common because they were not overly concerned about production costs; however, these dynamics altered upon arrival of Japanese firms (Noel and Eduardo, 2007). The new entrants did not place too much emphasis on vertical integration; instead, they preferred to forge close associations with their contractors. A process that made them stand out was just in time manufacturing, which focused on efficient production through low inventory as well as flexibility.  

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN) 1. Abstract WAN Wide Area Network is a communication network that make use of existing technology to connect local area network into a larger working network which may cover both national and international location. Wide Area Network allows a company to make use of common resources in order to operate, internal functions such as sales, production, development, marketing and accounting can be shared with authorized locations through this sort of network application. So thats why it is so important today. In this paper, I am going to demonstrates the techniques required for computer network from technology, architecture, media, protocol and routing algorithm based on the OSI seven layer model. 2. Introduction Bambi Co., Ltd. decided to implement a Wide Area Network between their two site in two different countries. As the network engineer of the company, is responsible to study, plan, design and implementation of a Wide Area Network for connecting two sites local area network. The requirement by the company that made the WAN a necessity are enumerated. The choice of WAN, hardware and the software is explained within the context of the needs of the company. Finally the benefits accruing to the company are identified and determined. 3. Company Background Bambi Co., Ltd. has two sites located in two different countries. Site A, the main office which located in Hong Kong and Site B, a factory which located in Shenzhen, the mainland China. In Site A, there are around 10 client workstations and Site B around 40 client workstations. There are three servers located in Site A, they are the domain server, email server and content management server. Another domain server also located in Site B, it mainly provide the services for Shenzhen users. 4. User requirement 4.1 Functionality On most of the users, their main concern is application available from the network. This including the following matters: 4.1.1 Fast response time Response time is the time between entering a command or keystroke and the execution of the command deliver a response. For users on Bambi Co., Ltd. environment, response time is the response running application or access from/to the servers, transmission of information as well as access to Internet. 4.1.2 High throughput The throughput environment on the company can be expected to be high. It can be expected that the throughput usage on the network will involve many users frequently access to the server and also to the Internet at same time. 4.2 Scalability The WAN implementation is expected to be function for a minimum of 5 years without the needs of upgrade the network equipments or rewiring the horizontal or vertical cable. 4.3 Adaptability The WAN implementation must be flexible enough to meet the demand of ever-growing needs of technologies when they become available. It might included with newer switching technology, more secure or faster router incorporating with new routing protocols and etc. Therefore, the WAN solution should be modular which allow added or swapped new network equipment with a minimum of network downtime. 4.4 Security The information transfer must be protected through the WAN environment. This is very important as to prevent the company data from stolen from their competitors. 4.5 Manageability The WAN implementation must be manageable and able to monitor by the network administrator. 4.6 Reliability Reliability of the WAN is important. The WAN must include fault-tolerance function and elements to give the stability of the network to reduce any unnecessary network downtime. 5. WAN solution 5.1 Regional Private Network Service Provider: Pacnet Type: MPLS VPN Bandwidth: 2Mbps Description: Connect between Bambi Co., Ltd. Site A and B 5.1.1 Introducing of MPLS and architecture MPLS stands for Multiprotocol Label Switching. It has been around for several years. It is standardized by IETF. (The Internet Engineering Task Force) Why multiprotocol? Since at the OSI 7 layer model, it operates between the layer 2 (Data Link Layer) and the layer 3 (Network Layer), so it often view as a 2.5 layer protocol. Conventional data packets are routed based on IP address and other information in the header. MPLS simplifies the forwarding function by taking a total different approach by introducing a connection oriented mechanism inside the connectionless IP network. Label switching indicates that the packets switched are no longer IPv4 or IPv6 packets and even Layer 2 frames when switched, but they are labeled. Below showing the MPLS header format. First 20-bits: Label value 20 22 bits: Three Experimental (EXP) bits, use for quality of service (QoS) 23 bit: Bottom of Stack (Bos) bit, 1 for bottom label, 0 otherwise 24 to 31 bits: Time To Live (TTL) 5.1.2 MPLS components and operation MPLS network comprise the following elements: Label Edge Router (LER): Router placed at the edge of the MPLS network Label Switching Router (LSR): MPLS capable router Label Switch Path (LSP): An ordered sequence of LSRs Label Distribution Protocol (LDP): Set of procedures by which LSRs establish LSPs In MPLS network, an optimal path is firstly determine and tag. When packets enter the MPLS network, the input router and switch uses the layer 3 header to assign the packets to one of this predetermine path. MPLS using a label stacking process to better handle the traffic. A label is attached to the end to end path information in the packet. The label together with the data packet as it cross the network. All other routers along the path use the label to determine the next hop address instead of the IP address. Since this device only operates on the information in the label, processor-intensive analysis and classification of the layer 3 header occur only at the entrance to the network. This remove much of the overhead used in the network and therefore, speed up the overall processing of data. 5.1.3 MPLS Protocols MPLS use 2 protocols to establish the LSP, they are: MPLS Routing protocol Distribute topology information only. Interior gateway protocol such as OSPF, IS-, BGP-4 is normally use. MPLS Signaling protocol Information for program the switching fabric. RSVP-TE and LDP is used. 5.1.4 MPLS VPN MPLS Virtual Private Networks (VPN) is the most popular and widespread implementation of MPLS technology. A VPN provide communication at OSI layer 2 or 3. VPN is protected by strong encryption. In general, the data travel across the VPN is not visible and encapsulated. MPLS is well suited for VPN because of its characteristics. 5.2 Internet Connection Service Provider: Pacnet Type: SHDSL Bandwidth: 4Mbps downstream/4Mbps upstream Description: Applied at Site A. By the way, the WAN connection will be allowed the Internet share with Site B office. In order to fulfill both sites demand, Single High Speed Digital Subscriber Line (SHDSL) has chosen. SHDSL is one of the DSL family technology. Similar with other SDSL service, the upstream and downstream data rates are equal. One of its advantage of SHDSL is its high symmetric data rates with guaranteed bandwidth and low interference. In Bambi Co., Ltd. a 4M/4M speed line is using for their Internet connection. 6. Ethernet Standard CAT 6 (Category 6) twisted-pair UTP is using under Bambi Co., Ltd. LAN environment. Its Gigabit Ethernet cable standard which bandwidth up to 400MHz and over a range of 100 m. It meet up the ANSI/TIA-568-B.2-1 performance specification. 7. Network Environment Overview 7.1 Entire Network Diagram 7.2 Hardware/Software description 7.3 Network configuration 7.3.1 Protocol and LAN segments With the popularity of the Internet, TCP/IP become the most popular protocol. In Bambi Co., Ltd. only TCP/IP protocol allowed to be implement on the network environment. All servers and desktop PCs located on Site A and B will have static addresses, while notebook PCs will obtain addresses by utilizing Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). IPv4 will be chosen as the type. Compare with IPv6, IPv4 had been around for many years, there are much more hardware and software supports. 8. Security The following is the security arrangement for protect companys data: 8.1 Authentication Each staff sign an individual login id for access their workstation and server resource like the email. The password establishes complexity level with minimum length of 5 characters. The password will enforce change every 3 months. 8.2 Authorization Only some authorize staffs with Internet connection. This prevent the data disclose by FTP, web mail or any online storage. 8.3 Audit The email server is able to keep logging which allow the administrative staff trace whether any company important data disclose by email. 8.4 Monitor The firewall and switch are able to monitor the network for suspicious activity. For example, if the firewall detect heavy traffic or overload session, it will send email alert to the network administrator. 8.5 Virus Protection Some kind of computer virus will steal infected computers data. So every servers and client workstations has install a memory resident antivirus software for protection. The UMT firewall also provide gateway antivirus function which prevent virus from the layer 2 level. 8.6 Encryption The MPLS VPN deployed to be high security network tunnel. The data transmit between site A and B office with strong encryption. 9. Conclusion In the user requirement chapter, 6 requirements were outlined. We summarize the benefits from applying the MPLS as below: 9.1 Functionality No performance bottleneck of CPE VPN devices Reduced network latency Guaranteed SLA (Service level agreement) for time critical applications Supports the delivery of services with QoS (Quality of service) guarantees 9.2 Scalability Highly scalable since no site to site peering is required and reconfiguration of VPN devices. 9.3 Adaptability Multiple connection type and bandwidth selection (e.g. ATM, Metro Ethernet, Broadband, etc.) 9.4 Security Private network completely isolated from Internet. 9.5 Manageability Customer is able to complete control their own routing. 9.6 Reliability Enable fast restoration from failures The network design presented here meets all those objectives. Both for today and in the future. 10. Reference Rosen, E., Viswanathan, A. and Callon, R. (2001) Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture, IETF Documents, [Online] Available from: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3031, [accessed on 07/03/10] PACNET 2010: Pacnet Domestic IP VPN Available on: http://hk.pacnet.com/network/domestic-ip-vpn/, [accessed on 13/03/10] Bates, R. (2002) Broadband Telecommunications Handbook. 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill Professional, Columbus. Guichard, B. PepeInjak, I. and Apcar, J. (2003) MPLS and VPN Architectures, Volume II. Cisco Press, Indiana. Ghein, L. (2007) MPLS Fundamentals. Cisco Press, Indiana. Jamison, S. Cardarelli, M. and Hanley, S. (2007) Essential SharePoint 2007. Pearson Education, Inc., Boston.

Lord of the Flies :: essays papers

Lord of the Flies Artificial Restraints in Lord of the Flies "GOLDING PUTS SO MANY ARTIFICIAL RESTRAINTS ON HIS STORY IN ORDER TO EMPHASISE HIS POINT, THAT THE WHOLE THING COMES OUT TOO NEATLY AND, IN FACT, REDUCES THE POWER OF HIS MESSAGE." I think that, while the boys experience immense bad luck due to the author, the story still proves its point. It is still possible though, that the bad luck of the boys could have been experienced in real life. I think that without this bad luck, the point of the story wouldn’t be as great, because without the restraint’s Golding placed on the boys, life on the island would have been too easy for the boys. The major constraint that Golding puts on the boys is the personality clash between Jack and Ralph. From the beginning, when Ralph is elected leader, Jack hates Ralph, and towards the end of the book, the feeling becomes mutual. Without Jack and Ralph’s problems, life would have been easy, and the ‘darkness of man’s heart’ would not have been conveyed to the reader. Jack shows ‘the darkness’ and if he and Ralph had just been friends, there would never have been an opportunity for Jack to show this darkness which lurked beneath the surface. Golding also uses the dead pilot conveniently against the boys - the way in which he is caught in the trees just in the right position to be caught by the wind and look like the beast and the way the wind picks up after Simon has let him down from the trees and carries him out to sea, so that the other boys cannot see that it wasn’t a beast. The author uses the boy’s fear against them, and although this could possibly happen in the situation, Golding uses it as a weapon against them, their morale and their companionship. I think that the boys split up and go to Jack because of the fear - he can kill the beast, he can get them meat, and if they ever get upset, he can start a dance and all will be fine.