Strength And Weakness Of Electronic Human Resource Commerce Essay Example For Students

Strength And Weakness Of Electronic Human Resource Commerce Essay In our study discusses about strength and failings of electronic Human Resource and discusses some deductions for future research. e-HR s package brings a high grade of homogeneousness and standardisation platform for smooth working in an organisation. It helps to convey the control and efficiency required by HR. An initial model the reappraisal analyzes HR professionals at organisation introduced a engineering based direction information system ( MIS ) . This system enabled the employees to be more expeditiously administered ( in theory ) through an impersonal system to convey into conformance with regulations for paysheet, attending and promptness. Hence, e-HR package interface in salary determinations and others linked to people. The e-HR systems are core applications who cut down the complete clip of Human Resource Management. It has achieved informations from an administrative map, which responsible from paysheet to assist in strategic determination doing that can add value to a n organisation. Companies have now realized. The function e-HR has developed as grow of organisation the chiefly administrative becomes concern spouse. At same clip e-HR provide the concern possess such as stable, dependable which makes high acknowledgment within the organisation. We will write a custom essay on Strength And Weakness Of Electronic Human Resource Commerce specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now After execution e-HR in any organisation, company can easy salvage there cost. Because e-HR usage endeavor and cyberspace, expeditiously connect people such a manner if gives all information they need. It besides manages relationship, streamlines procedures and improves the Se of information to do strategic and operational determinations. e-HR about linking people clients, providers, employees with information. It s about doing organisations more efficient and more profitable Outline1 Introduction2 Recent Development in E HR or HRIS3 Definition4 Critical Analysis of Electronic Human Resources ( e-HR )5 Background Strategic human resources and e-HRM6 Strength7 Employee Self- Service ( ESS )8 Managerial Self-Service ( MSS )9 Developing human resources:10 Changes in the function of the HR map:11 Failings:12 Brief Analysis of whether e-hr is lending towards HR going more strategic13 Decision Introduction Due to market development, the director roles has changed in recent old ages, and partially besides due to new engineerings being used by the organisation that they are working in. As a consequence, organisation demands to analyze their ain organisational Human Resource function. ( Alleyne et al, 2007 ) In today planetary markets, organisations and companies recognize that in order to vie, are based on the quality and effectivity of their employees to win. Human Resource directors today need a universe category Human Resource direction system to assist them in day-to-day strategic and operational determination. Over the last recent old ages, with the progress of Intranet and Internet engineerings, Human Resource tools known as electronic Human Resource direction ( HRM ) emerged. ( Hooi, 2009 ) Recent Development in E HR or HRIS In the 1990s client/ waiter systems are the ideal constellation for most companies. But in recent old ages, companies are get downing the undertakings of migrating their bequest systems to new bundles designed with more beforehand construction. And they are normally what we know today as Human Resource Information System ( HRIS ) , which is portion of the Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP ) . ERP are able to offer companies the advantage in term of functionality, storage capacity, public presentation and an chance to reengineer their HR processes. Due to the fast rapid development of engineerings and alterations in the fundamental of concern, the Human Resource Department today can non run like the old yearss. It is non plenty to hold a group of people who merely need to cognize all about the benefits programs, salary plan, and calling chance within the organisation. The demand for skilled workers, particularly cognition workers, besides helps to speed up the demand for HRIS to help in strategic function of HR. ( Stone et el, 2006 ) Definition Tocopherol HRM Harmonizing to a group of Researcher from Singapore Ministry of Manpower, Human Capital Development Division, E-HRM refers as active usage of electronic media and engagement of employees with engineering to assist to lower disposal costs, and better the communicating of their employee with quicker entree to information, and cut down clip needed in processing. ( Hooi, 2009 ) Human Resource Information System ( HRIS ) fundamentally is a human resource database system that allows you to maintain path of all types of Human Resource information related to the organisation and it s human capital. However, non all companies that name their system an HRIS Human Resource Information System are comprehensive plenty. If the human Resource system, are merely able to manage one or two maps, illustration such as benefits like disposal or paysheet, so we do non see it as a comprehensive HRIS. ( Bondarouk A ; Ruel, 2009 ) Electronic Human Resource ( EHR ) it refers to carry oning concern dealing in human resource related utilizing the Internet. ( LengnickHall A ; Moritz 2003 ) Normally refer normally to Employee Management System that is usually refers to browser based Human Resource web portal. Unlike HRIS, E-HR or Employee Management System can normally manage limited maps or benefits, such as paysheet and leave application. The growing of E-HR was due to the rapid development of Internet engineerings in the ninetiess. With point and click easiness of usage, E- HR are normally really user friendly and easy to utilize. Widely used by companies particularly little and average endeavor, who ca nt afford a comprehensive Human Resource System such as HRIS. .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594 , .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594 .postImageUrl , .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594 , .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594:hover , .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594:visited , .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594:active { border:0!important; } .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594:active , .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594 .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5c0bf86d479372add8945538cc7a2594:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: La Princesse De Cleves EssayHuman Resource Management ( HRM ) it refer to a signifier of support map that services its ain internal clients, illustration employee. ( Alleyne et al, 2007 ) Critical Analysis of Electronic Human Resources ( e-HR ) In recent old ages, with the promotion of intranet and cyberspace, enable a new moving ridge of human resource ( HR ) engineering to emerge, with the purpose to help human resources administrative maps. With these e-HRM maps, HR service is expected to better by both the direction and employees. ( Hooi, 2009 ) As more and more Human Resource Departments traveling toward Internet or Web-based Technology, we need to measure and do comparing between the Online Human Resource Management and Traditional Human Resource Management System. ( Payne et al, 2009 ) Background Strategic human resources and e-HRM Strength The major functional functions of E-HR are to back up Human Resource processes such as are enrolling, preparation and public presentation direction. ( Stone el, 2006 ) The turning tendency in E-HR allows the development of tools such as Employee Self- Service ( ESS ) Employee Self Service or ESS gives the employee of the organisation the ability to entree, keeping his or her ain personal HR Information online. The employee self-service ( ESS ) capablenesss allow and enable the employees to make, position, and modify informations anytime and anyplace by themselves, utilizing multiple engineerings. With easy or easiness of accessing to the information they need to make their occupations, the employees can besides pull off responsibilities that were antecedently handled for them by forces from HR section, with an employee centric portal. ESS besides helps to hasten life, and work alterations, liberating the HR professionals from everyday HR related administrative undertakings and leting them to give more of their clip and resources to a something more strategic enterprises. Managerial Self-Service ( MSS ) Enable the directors to entree a assortment of HR-related tools and information online. Most director HR-related undertakings can be done via MSS applications illustration like paysheet disposal or compensation, staff public presentation direction, hiring, and employee calling or preparation development. Overall, the chief strength that an Electronic Human Resource System allows: Employees to better or keep occupation public presentation Set criterions for Human Resources work procedure Give acknowledgment to occupation related achievements Enhance Communication and working relationship between employee and sections Identify the public presentation of single employee Outline the duty of employee and supervisory. ( Payne et el, 2009 ) Developing human resources: With the aid of cyberspace and intranet in development and preparation is the largely examine component of e-HR and without any uncertainty the 1 with the most existing in possibility in footings of cost and benefits. The web-based package can be used for assessment preparation, and direction calling of all e-learning activity. For the less paperwork and more benefit including acquiring more information on preparation, and appraisal it provide e mail and electronic signifiers of intranet or the restricted web site. Lower disposal cost, shorter distribution and response clip, and higher response rate ( McClelland, 1994 ) . Changes in the function of the HR map: They all agreed that the acceptance of e-HR will decidedly back up HR maps. It will assist doing administrative undertakings easier and more productive. Apart from the administrative procedures, other HR procedures such as invention, communicating, and larning and calling planning will be improved and supported with the usage of e-HR. So the consequence, e-HR usage can back up non merely the traditional HR function but besides the alliance of HR maps with the organisation s strategic aims. However, two of the participants commented that HR has a long manner to travel before consequences and benefits of e-HR acceptance, particularly for HR development, will be touchable The benefits as show in fig: Failings: The list below summarizes the grounds for following and non following e-HR for users and non-users severally. Companies utilizing e-HR: facilitation of the enlisting procedure ; benefits for communicating ; and Cost effectivity. Companies non utilizing e-HR: limited utility ; security concerns ; incompatibility with patterns used ; and Other practical jobs. Their lone disadvantage is to loss of confidentiality. E-learning includes the acquisition activity supported by information engineerings. It can take local intranet computing machines, or full entree to internet, pulling upon a full scope of multimedia, links to other sites and resources, downloadable streaming picture and communicating systems ( Sambrook, 2003 ) . E-learning offers a solution to preparation in remote. Issues: available on www.emeraldinsight.com/0048-3486.htm Presents, organisation reaches capableness of bing to run HR operations more expeditiously. For more expeditiously work we need to unite together in one manus for this gather the information and communicating engineering. The chief issue is fleet development of electronic HR systems ( Stanton and Coovert, 2004 ; Fletcher, 2005 ) . .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254 , .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254 .postImageUrl , .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254 , .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254:hover , .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254:visited , .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254:active { border:0!important; } .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254:active , .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254 .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8f5642a3aea85570a3583eb6e5890254:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Social Justice In Education EssayThe E-HR provide the facilitate to more efficient and strategic manner of working for HR. since vitamin E HR engineering runs parallel to the debut administrative support of the HR. it really hard to map it. For illustration Reception and assimilation by employees is considered to be an of import factor when implementing E-HRM. The ability to get by with alterations in the HR map and The current issue and full text archive of this diary is available at the support that is provided to employees during E-HRM execution is besides deemed indispensable ( Haines and Petit, 1997 ; Fisher and Howell, 2004 ; Ruta, 2004 ; RueA?let al. , 2004 ) . Howe ver, there is small empirical cognition on concurrent employee Brief Analysis of whether e-hr is lending towards HR going more strategic Most of us, I believe will be convinced that utilizing E-HR will significantly assist the company to better the bringing of the HR services to the organisation. Higher efficiencies, and higher client satisfaction, no uncertainty will assist to take down costs, due to redesigned procedures and extinguish manual work procedure. Decidedly e-hr has the possible to be able contribute towards HR going more strategic. But for E-HR to be able to play a more strategic function, there must be a strong concern instance. Emerging strategic e-HRM research tend to suit and concentrate on concern scheme. ( Marler, 2009 ) A concern instance can be perplexing. For the instance of web-based or E-HR concern can be used to turn to all types of inquiries, for illustration: Do we truly necessitate a Web-Based solution? Do we necessitate to implement employee or director ego services? Can we utilize our bing intranet for HR dealing? Are we traveling to utilize the bing bequest human resource system as the implicit in database for web solution, or a Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP ) System? Can we be after and implement a shared services group as portion of the Web enterprise? Should we travel for one-vendor HR portal scheme, or should we travel with a best-of-breed attack? A concern instance must ever, built around aims like type of concern, fiscal, functional, operational, or some combination. Meaning we need to supply the concern direction with cost benefit and return on investing informations in difficult economic footings. How can E-HR assist the organisation in strategic function? To concern, the nucleus aim is to do more money. The concern and inquiries inquire by direction is how E-HR can assist the concern to cut down disbursals or increase in their gross strategically? Questions on the head of the direction like, what can we derive from: Productivity nest eggs Improve quality and decreased rework Sourcing Salvaging Make services more stingily and higher quality Information System Saving Reduce the care of bing systems Other Saving. Salvage the cost of stuff like paper, computing machine printout. But the most of import facet and nucleus maps of E-HR strategic benefits can convey to a organisation are: Recruitment What endowment do we necessitate? Sourcing and pulling Who is the right endowment? Where is the right endowment? How to pull the endowment to articulations us. Appraisal and rating Identify, evaluate and select the right people we want. Hire What is the right offer that we can offer attracts the campaigner to fall in the organisation? Deployment Move people into the right place in the organisation that can use their endowment. Retention- How can we maintain the endowment invested, and engaged in the organisation? In today s globalisation competition, the strong demand for skilled workers, particularly cognition workers, besides helps to speed up the demand for HRIS to help in strategic function of HR. ( Stone et al 2006 ) Decision The HR plays a really of import function in any Origination, every bit good as HR builds a span between top direction and employers. Nowadays there is a large competitory market for any organisation. So they want to spread out their organisation up to certain degree to run into their demands. Once the organisation grows the work burden for HR will increase and they will be unable to pull off all the work manually. So for avoiding this sort of state of affairs in the organisation they need a incorporate system in their company. That clip e-HR comes in the image, which suits their demands, Such as Employee Self- Service ( ESS ) Managerial Self-Service ( MSS ) Management Information system ( MIS ) Developing human resources Changes in the function of the HR map The future E-HR will go more sophisticated, and more individualised tools for both directors and employees. Improved determination devising tools will profit both the organisations and employee. ( LengnickHall A ; Moritz 2003 )

Euthanisa essays

Euthanisa essays Not many of us spend our days in agonizing pain lying in bed wishing we were dead. Not many of us ponder up ways to end our own lives while thinking of ourselves as just burdens on those around us. For those that do however, there is often that chance to call for help. Having someone knowingly and intentionally provide the means to help suicidal persons kill themselves in a dignified manner is called assisted suicide, also known as euthanasia (Merrian-Webber 56-59). But, does assisted suicide really insure a dignified death? Euthanasia has been accepted legally and ethically in various forms in many societies. Euthanasia (Greek meaning "easy death") is the act of inducing gentle death (Cassell 1) . In ancient Greece and Rome it was permissible in certain situations to help others die. Both Socrates and Plato sanctioned forms of euthanasia in certain cases. Voluntary euthanasia for the elderly was an approved custom in several ancient societies. Great Britain, in 1935 and the United States, in 1938 established organizations supporting the legalization of voluntary euthanasia(Rehnke 7). The United States Supreme Court ruled that individuals have the constitutional right to decide what they want to happen to their body in the event that they become terminally ill or comatose (Russell 1). As, always there are those who disagree with anti-euthanasia task forces, and they will stop at nothing to continually push for the right to have assistance in dignifying their own death (Offsie 3). Many fight for those with a terminal illness arguing that it is their only way out of the pain and agony, and many speak out for those sentenced with other life changing problems, arguing that life no longer has any quality. It is not right for people to stop others from pursuing their hopes and wishes when it comes to suicide, but it is not justifiable to provide m ...

Technology and Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Technology and Capitalism - Essay Example This advertisement peg for his discourse allowed Hochschild to strongly argue that American society is currently being flooded by goods and services that promises people – busy people – of saving their precious time. Meanwhile, Sherry Turkle discourse on technology in Alone Together reinforced this take on capitalism today by explaining how tools and machines such as the Internet, personal computers, mobile phones and gadgets all became indispensable in modern way of life. Capitalism and Efficiency The concept of efficiency has been put forward in Hochschild’s culture of time (184). The argument is that in modern America, people are faced with the time dilemma. Most individuals have to balance personal/family life with work and career and all things in between. Here, the experience of American mothers was used as an example. With the Quaker Oats ad, it was depicted how mothers find it extremely challenging to spend quality time with their children when their job and occupations are also vying for an equal degree of attention. Hochschild identified that breakfast cereal – as suggested by its marketer – emerged as the solution for the dilemma. Modern capitalism made this possible. The oat brand is delicious and healthy, solving several problems for children as it provides a quality mother-child experience at the breakfast table and solves the child’s requirement for attention, love and well-being. The deliciously prepared oat meal, which any child will supposedly love is seen to qualify as sufficient for parents in order for them to let their children know they are loved and taken cared of. Finally, the oatmeal and the ease in its preparation provided the mother an opportunity to lessen time spent at home so she could be at her work or at her appointment on time. Turkle’s discourse on technology further explained Hochschild’s conception of time, efficiency and the permeation of goods and services that cater to the past two variables. She used technology and how it affected the lives of people today as the basis for her insights. The analogy is that technology has successfully ingratiated itself in the lives of people today because it addresses their main vulnerabilities. For instance, Turkle argued that people today are lonely and technology provides a convenient and perfect answer by providing an illusion of companionship without the demand for friendship (263). The pattern is clear: people are becoming dependent on the goods and services that can meet their demands for time and efficiency. The consequence is that people are increasingly substituting them for what is real. Substitution In Hochschild’s observation, people still value the conventional concepts of human relationship such as the family. Here, work and all other preoccupations are supposedly being undertaken in order for the family to survive and, do so comfortably. Ironically, this brings them further to it because the culture of work relegated family as a mere ideal, separate from what is real. To many people, wrote Hochschild, family is important morally and that they certainly cherish such ideal but â€Å"we don’t link what we think with what we do,† or we often say at work that we â€Å"don’t walk the talk at home (186). This perspective – the encapsulation of family as a mere ideal - supposedly make people reconcile the dilemma of the competing meanings in modern capitalism and its impact on modern necessities to traditional concepts such as the family. With technology, Turkle, provided several examples to this emerging preference for illusion and the substitution of goods and services for what is real. She pointed out, for instance: Some people are looking for robots to clean rugs and help with the laundry. Others hope for a mechanical bride. As sociable

Labour Dispute (identify Top 5 major issues between faculty and Essay

Labour Dispute (identify Top 5 major issues between faculty and university at St.FX university) - Essay Example Francis Xavier University. In the year 2012, a conflict was observed to take place between the StFX Association of University teachers and the StFX Administration board. In order to satisfy their demands, the teachers were further identified to call for a strike which further disrupted the entire education process of the university (McEvoy, 2012). Based on this understanding, the paper intends to identify the five major issues raised during the dispute among the faculties and the administration of StFX University. With reference to the news article written by Sean McEvoy with the title â€Å"StFX Professors O.K. Strike Option†, certain issues can be identified in the rudiments of the dispute between the faculty members of the university and the administration board. Among the various issues, inappropriate remuneration package, inadequate medical amenities, lack of job security along with financial problems can be identified as the four most significant problems caused through the dispute. Above all, the most significant issue that was identified with reference to this dispute was the lack of cooperation and coordination within the workforce and the administration board of the University. From an overall perspective, it can be observed that the faculty members of the university were not satisfied with the return they were able to avail through their employment in StFX University owing to the aforementioned issues which required greater consideration from the administration (McEvoy, 2012 ). By calling for a strike and disrupting the entire education process within the University, the faculty members wanted to ensure a comparative pay structure which shall be sufficient to satisfy their personal needs and assist StFX to obtain a competitive position in comparison to its sister institutions. According to McEvoy (2012), the issue concerning the weak pay structures was further observed to be informed to the administration in various instances. However, as no

Strategic Groups and Contribution to Industry Profitability Essay

Strategic Groups and Contribution to Industry Profitability - Essay Example Both institutions may belong to the same industry but do not compete directly with another, so the factors that affect either of them may not be critical in their success; instead, organisations within similar strategic groups ought to be considered (Amel and Froeb, 1991). In essence, a strategic group may be understood as a collection of firms that utilise common strategies and operate within common competitive environments. Membership within this entity determines the threats and opportunities that organisations are susceptible to as well as other components of their competitive environments. Knowledge of such information is critical in understanding why some strategic groups perform better than others and why firms cannot move between groups easily. The concept of mobility barriers captures the above changes; this term is analogous to entry barriers because it prevents companies from changing from less profitable strategic groups to ones that are more profitable. High mobility barriers in a strategic group assist in cementing positions of high performance for certain organisations and shield them from intense rivalry by new ones (Hill and Deeds, 1996). One way of understanding how strategic groups contribute to industry profitability is through an analysis of the motor vehicle market; a highly traditional yet technology-dependent industry. Organisations like Jaguar, Land Rover and Rolls Royce initially had vertically integrated business models. These companies operated within similar strategic groups where they took advantage of economies of scale as well as specialisation in order to maintain the competitive advantage. Even collision between them was common because they were not overly concerned about production costs; however, these dynamics altered upon arrival of Japanese firms (Noel and Eduardo, 2007). The new entrants did not place too much emphasis on vertical integration; instead, they preferred to forge close associations with their contractors. A process that made them stand out was just in time manufacturing, which focused on efficient production through low inventory as well as flexibility.  

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN) 1. Abstract WAN Wide Area Network is a communication network that make use of existing technology to connect local area network into a larger working network which may cover both national and international location. Wide Area Network allows a company to make use of common resources in order to operate, internal functions such as sales, production, development, marketing and accounting can be shared with authorized locations through this sort of network application. So thats why it is so important today. In this paper, I am going to demonstrates the techniques required for computer network from technology, architecture, media, protocol and routing algorithm based on the OSI seven layer model. 2. Introduction Bambi Co., Ltd. decided to implement a Wide Area Network between their two site in two different countries. As the network engineer of the company, is responsible to study, plan, design and implementation of a Wide Area Network for connecting two sites local area network. The requirement by the company that made the WAN a necessity are enumerated. The choice of WAN, hardware and the software is explained within the context of the needs of the company. Finally the benefits accruing to the company are identified and determined. 3. Company Background Bambi Co., Ltd. has two sites located in two different countries. Site A, the main office which located in Hong Kong and Site B, a factory which located in Shenzhen, the mainland China. In Site A, there are around 10 client workstations and Site B around 40 client workstations. There are three servers located in Site A, they are the domain server, email server and content management server. Another domain server also located in Site B, it mainly provide the services for Shenzhen users. 4. User requirement 4.1 Functionality On most of the users, their main concern is application available from the network. This including the following matters: 4.1.1 Fast response time Response time is the time between entering a command or keystroke and the execution of the command deliver a response. For users on Bambi Co., Ltd. environment, response time is the response running application or access from/to the servers, transmission of information as well as access to Internet. 4.1.2 High throughput The throughput environment on the company can be expected to be high. It can be expected that the throughput usage on the network will involve many users frequently access to the server and also to the Internet at same time. 4.2 Scalability The WAN implementation is expected to be function for a minimum of 5 years without the needs of upgrade the network equipments or rewiring the horizontal or vertical cable. 4.3 Adaptability The WAN implementation must be flexible enough to meet the demand of ever-growing needs of technologies when they become available. It might included with newer switching technology, more secure or faster router incorporating with new routing protocols and etc. Therefore, the WAN solution should be modular which allow added or swapped new network equipment with a minimum of network downtime. 4.4 Security The information transfer must be protected through the WAN environment. This is very important as to prevent the company data from stolen from their competitors. 4.5 Manageability The WAN implementation must be manageable and able to monitor by the network administrator. 4.6 Reliability Reliability of the WAN is important. The WAN must include fault-tolerance function and elements to give the stability of the network to reduce any unnecessary network downtime. 5. WAN solution 5.1 Regional Private Network Service Provider: Pacnet Type: MPLS VPN Bandwidth: 2Mbps Description: Connect between Bambi Co., Ltd. Site A and B 5.1.1 Introducing of MPLS and architecture MPLS stands for Multiprotocol Label Switching. It has been around for several years. It is standardized by IETF. (The Internet Engineering Task Force) Why multiprotocol? Since at the OSI 7 layer model, it operates between the layer 2 (Data Link Layer) and the layer 3 (Network Layer), so it often view as a 2.5 layer protocol. Conventional data packets are routed based on IP address and other information in the header. MPLS simplifies the forwarding function by taking a total different approach by introducing a connection oriented mechanism inside the connectionless IP network. Label switching indicates that the packets switched are no longer IPv4 or IPv6 packets and even Layer 2 frames when switched, but they are labeled. Below showing the MPLS header format. First 20-bits: Label value 20 22 bits: Three Experimental (EXP) bits, use for quality of service (QoS) 23 bit: Bottom of Stack (Bos) bit, 1 for bottom label, 0 otherwise 24 to 31 bits: Time To Live (TTL) 5.1.2 MPLS components and operation MPLS network comprise the following elements: Label Edge Router (LER): Router placed at the edge of the MPLS network Label Switching Router (LSR): MPLS capable router Label Switch Path (LSP): An ordered sequence of LSRs Label Distribution Protocol (LDP): Set of procedures by which LSRs establish LSPs In MPLS network, an optimal path is firstly determine and tag. When packets enter the MPLS network, the input router and switch uses the layer 3 header to assign the packets to one of this predetermine path. MPLS using a label stacking process to better handle the traffic. A label is attached to the end to end path information in the packet. The label together with the data packet as it cross the network. All other routers along the path use the label to determine the next hop address instead of the IP address. Since this device only operates on the information in the label, processor-intensive analysis and classification of the layer 3 header occur only at the entrance to the network. This remove much of the overhead used in the network and therefore, speed up the overall processing of data. 5.1.3 MPLS Protocols MPLS use 2 protocols to establish the LSP, they are: MPLS Routing protocol Distribute topology information only. Interior gateway protocol such as OSPF, IS-, BGP-4 is normally use. MPLS Signaling protocol Information for program the switching fabric. RSVP-TE and LDP is used. 5.1.4 MPLS VPN MPLS Virtual Private Networks (VPN) is the most popular and widespread implementation of MPLS technology. A VPN provide communication at OSI layer 2 or 3. VPN is protected by strong encryption. In general, the data travel across the VPN is not visible and encapsulated. MPLS is well suited for VPN because of its characteristics. 5.2 Internet Connection Service Provider: Pacnet Type: SHDSL Bandwidth: 4Mbps downstream/4Mbps upstream Description: Applied at Site A. By the way, the WAN connection will be allowed the Internet share with Site B office. In order to fulfill both sites demand, Single High Speed Digital Subscriber Line (SHDSL) has chosen. SHDSL is one of the DSL family technology. Similar with other SDSL service, the upstream and downstream data rates are equal. One of its advantage of SHDSL is its high symmetric data rates with guaranteed bandwidth and low interference. In Bambi Co., Ltd. a 4M/4M speed line is using for their Internet connection. 6. Ethernet Standard CAT 6 (Category 6) twisted-pair UTP is using under Bambi Co., Ltd. LAN environment. Its Gigabit Ethernet cable standard which bandwidth up to 400MHz and over a range of 100 m. It meet up the ANSI/TIA-568-B.2-1 performance specification. 7. Network Environment Overview 7.1 Entire Network Diagram 7.2 Hardware/Software description 7.3 Network configuration 7.3.1 Protocol and LAN segments With the popularity of the Internet, TCP/IP become the most popular protocol. In Bambi Co., Ltd. only TCP/IP protocol allowed to be implement on the network environment. All servers and desktop PCs located on Site A and B will have static addresses, while notebook PCs will obtain addresses by utilizing Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). IPv4 will be chosen as the type. Compare with IPv6, IPv4 had been around for many years, there are much more hardware and software supports. 8. Security The following is the security arrangement for protect companys data: 8.1 Authentication Each staff sign an individual login id for access their workstation and server resource like the email. The password establishes complexity level with minimum length of 5 characters. The password will enforce change every 3 months. 8.2 Authorization Only some authorize staffs with Internet connection. This prevent the data disclose by FTP, web mail or any online storage. 8.3 Audit The email server is able to keep logging which allow the administrative staff trace whether any company important data disclose by email. 8.4 Monitor The firewall and switch are able to monitor the network for suspicious activity. For example, if the firewall detect heavy traffic or overload session, it will send email alert to the network administrator. 8.5 Virus Protection Some kind of computer virus will steal infected computers data. So every servers and client workstations has install a memory resident antivirus software for protection. The UMT firewall also provide gateway antivirus function which prevent virus from the layer 2 level. 8.6 Encryption The MPLS VPN deployed to be high security network tunnel. The data transmit between site A and B office with strong encryption. 9. Conclusion In the user requirement chapter, 6 requirements were outlined. We summarize the benefits from applying the MPLS as below: 9.1 Functionality No performance bottleneck of CPE VPN devices Reduced network latency Guaranteed SLA (Service level agreement) for time critical applications Supports the delivery of services with QoS (Quality of service) guarantees 9.2 Scalability Highly scalable since no site to site peering is required and reconfiguration of VPN devices. 9.3 Adaptability Multiple connection type and bandwidth selection (e.g. ATM, Metro Ethernet, Broadband, etc.) 9.4 Security Private network completely isolated from Internet. 9.5 Manageability Customer is able to complete control their own routing. 9.6 Reliability Enable fast restoration from failures The network design presented here meets all those objectives. Both for today and in the future. 10. Reference Rosen, E., Viswanathan, A. and Callon, R. (2001) Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture, IETF Documents, [Online] Available from: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3031, [accessed on 07/03/10] PACNET 2010: Pacnet Domestic IP VPN Available on: http://hk.pacnet.com/network/domestic-ip-vpn/, [accessed on 13/03/10] Bates, R. (2002) Broadband Telecommunications Handbook. 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill Professional, Columbus. Guichard, B. PepeInjak, I. and Apcar, J. (2003) MPLS and VPN Architectures, Volume II. Cisco Press, Indiana. Ghein, L. (2007) MPLS Fundamentals. Cisco Press, Indiana. Jamison, S. Cardarelli, M. and Hanley, S. (2007) Essential SharePoint 2007. Pearson Education, Inc., Boston.

Lord of the Flies :: essays papers

Lord of the Flies Artificial Restraints in Lord of the Flies "GOLDING PUTS SO MANY ARTIFICIAL RESTRAINTS ON HIS STORY IN ORDER TO EMPHASISE HIS POINT, THAT THE WHOLE THING COMES OUT TOO NEATLY AND, IN FACT, REDUCES THE POWER OF HIS MESSAGE." I think that, while the boys experience immense bad luck due to the author, the story still proves its point. It is still possible though, that the bad luck of the boys could have been experienced in real life. I think that without this bad luck, the point of the story wouldn’t be as great, because without the restraint’s Golding placed on the boys, life on the island would have been too easy for the boys. The major constraint that Golding puts on the boys is the personality clash between Jack and Ralph. From the beginning, when Ralph is elected leader, Jack hates Ralph, and towards the end of the book, the feeling becomes mutual. Without Jack and Ralph’s problems, life would have been easy, and the ‘darkness of man’s heart’ would not have been conveyed to the reader. Jack shows ‘the darkness’ and if he and Ralph had just been friends, there would never have been an opportunity for Jack to show this darkness which lurked beneath the surface. Golding also uses the dead pilot conveniently against the boys - the way in which he is caught in the trees just in the right position to be caught by the wind and look like the beast and the way the wind picks up after Simon has let him down from the trees and carries him out to sea, so that the other boys cannot see that it wasn’t a beast. The author uses the boy’s fear against them, and although this could possibly happen in the situation, Golding uses it as a weapon against them, their morale and their companionship. I think that the boys split up and go to Jack because of the fear - he can kill the beast, he can get them meat, and if they ever get upset, he can start a dance and all will be fine.

Barco Projection Systems – 1

Barco Projection Systems – Case Study, Assignment 1. Describe the product line strategy of the Barco Projection Systems Division? BPS has followed a market segment based product line. BPS differentiated these segments based on the scan rate of the projectors. Video segment projectors had scan rates of 16 kHz, data projectors had scan rates ranging from 16 to 45 kHz and graphics projectors at the higher end had rates from 16 to above 64 kHz. BPS was the leader in the graphics projection segment which was a niche market.Historically, Barco entered the projections market with the lower-end scan rates for video applications and has been adding depth to its product line by improving the scan rates. Thus, subsequently BPS created data projectors and ultimately graphics projectors. However, BPS had been limiting the projector scan rates in each of these three segments thereby clearly differentiating the products in terms of the segments. 2. On page 12 of the case, Dejonghe comments t hat â€Å"all of our projections, however were based on the assumption that Sony would respect our vision of the market place’. What does this mean?When does one competitor accepts another’s vision of the market? Traditionally, BPS’s competition had followed its practice of segmenting the projections market by the scan rates. By strong commitment to R&D, BPS had brought about continuous improvements in the projector scan rates and thus established itself as a comprehensive player with presence in all the segments. Based on this, BPS had a vision that it will continue to drive the technology improvements in the market (in terms of the scan rates). Also, Sony had always positioned its projectors below that of BPS in terms of performance.This made BPS assume that Sony will follow its vision of the market. Generally, a competitor might accept another company’s vision of the market if the other company – a. Is a clear market leader and has a good under standing of the market needs b. Is the front-runner in bringing new technology to the market 3. Why did Sony decide to reject BPS’s vision of the market in August 1989? Although BPS had been a technology leader, since 1985 BPS had been continuously watching and incorporating the tubes used by Sony on its projectors.This was a clear transition of BPS from being a technology leader to a follower of Sony’s technology. Further, there were no suppliers apart from Sony components that produced tubes with the quality necessary for high-end graphics projection. As a result, BPS had to heavily rely on Sony for the tube technology. Sony perhaps believed that BPS did not innovate at a fast enough rate to capture the growth potential in the market. So Sony decided to put itself ahead of BPS in terms of the market vision. 4. How serious a threat is the Sony 1270? What are Sony’s objectives?On the performance scale, 1270 is positioned above BPS’s BG400, so the image of BPS as a high-end player in the projectors’ market is under serious threat. Also, the 1270 is targeted at the U. S. and European markets from which BPS had 83% of its graphics revenues. This will significantly affect share of the BG400 in these markets. If the 1270 is priced at the lower end ($15,000), it can also eat into the market share of BD600. Further, at this price level, the 1270 has the potential to serve both the data and graphics segment which will destroy BPS’s segmentation practice.The huge growth potential (~40%) expected in the graphics segment has perhaps prompted Sony to drive the technology change in this segment and develop the 1270. In addition, by pricing it lower Sony aims at merging the data and graphics segment and thereby achieving economy of scale. Sony aims to eventually make the graphics segment a commodity market rather than a niche market. 5. Did Barco make a mistake somewhere along the way or do things like this ‘just happenâ€℠¢ when competing in high technology business on a global scale? Sony’s release of the 1270 is not an incidental event.BPS’s failure to continuously innovate and update the technology of their projectors made them lose their technology leadership position to Sony. Following Sony’s tube technology was a direct conflict with BPS’s belief that Sony will accept their vision of the market. As a result, BPS did not foresee that Sony could be ahead of their own projections in terms of the scan rates and prices in the graphics projector segment. BPS also failed to realize that niche markets are always prone to be commoditized eventually. 6. What should Barco do with respect to Price?Since there is only market speculation on the Sony 1270’s price, Barco should wait for Sony to announce the actual price of the 1270. At two different pricing levels ($20,000 and $15,000) of Sony 1270, various pricing levels of BG400, the associated revenue loss (assumed % for t he reduced prices) and the margins are calculated below. Scenario 1: Sony 1270 Priced at $20,000| | | | | BG400 Pricing| Price per unit $| Marigins %| Cost per unit $| Est. Revenue Loss| Estimated Revenues $Millions| Total Marigins $Millions| No Reduction| 24,000| 29%| 17,040 | 30%| 8. 6| 2. 6| Reduced Price| 23,000| 26%| 17,040 | 25%| 9. 60| 2. 5| | 22,000| 23%| 17,040 | 20%| 10. 24| 2. 3| | | | | | | | Scenario 2: Sony 1270 Priced at $15,000| | | | | BG400 Pricing| Price per unit $| Marigins %| Cost per unit $| Est. Revenue Loss| Estimated Revenues $Millions| Total Marigins $Millions| No Reduction| 24,000| 29%| 17,040 | 60%| 5. 12| 1. 5| Reduced Price| 23,000| 26%| 17,040 | 55%| 5. 76| 1. 5| | 22,000| 23%| 17,040 | 50%| 6. | 1. 4| In the first scenario, with pricing reduction of BG400 the total margins are clearly reducing. So, the current pricing should be retained. In the second scenario, a price reduction in the range of $23,000 may be considered to achieve slightly better reve nues with the same total margins. Even at the $15,000 pricing level of Sony 1270, changing the price of BD600 would not do any difference to its total margins. So the pricing of BD600 should be retained at the current levels in both scenarios. 7.What should Barco do now with respect to its product development plan? Short-term plan: Since BD700 is clearly inferior to Sony 1270 in terms of performance, it cannot be positioned higher. Hence, the development of BD700 should be put on hold immediately and BPS should instead focus on developing the BG800. The cost of developing the BG800 in time for the InfoComm should be compared against the cost of a BPS initiated marketing campaign to promote the BG800 and the pace of its development should be decided accordingly.The BG800 should be priced above the 1270 and BG400. Long-term plan: BPS should re-examine its vision for the future and plan for continuous technology updates to create more depth in the product line. BPS should also develop other suppliers for its projector tubes and reduce its dependence on Sony. After the release of BG800, BPS should realign the pricing of BD600 and BG400 to maintain the segment differentiation. Eventually, the data and graphics segments are likely to be commoditized and so BPS has to look at product line extensions in terms of width as well.

Reading Comprehension Essay

Reading comprehension is a valuable and necessary tool in the learning process. It allows the reader to expand his vocabulary, understand the text he is reading, and use various strategies as he might need them in order to improve learning. It is necessary because it shapes the reader’s understanding of ideas and words. It assists his ability to make sense of ideas and concepts. It can even affect various parts of public life, such as the political arena. In assessing the reader’s state of reading comprehension, there are three levels: literal, interpretive, and applied. If the reader is not satisfied with his own level of reading comprehension, all is not lost. There are means by which to improve it. These include growing one’s vocabulary, utilizing multiple senses, and changing one’s reading speed. All of these tools serve to advance the learning process. In order for one to understand the value reading comprehension possesses, one must first understand what it is. Reading comprehension is â€Å"the process of understanding or making meaning when reading† (Elish-Piper, 2010). The reader can use what he knows to get a grasp of the material he is reading. For example, a large vocabulary—understanding the meanings of many words—can help someone understand a wide variety of texts. The text can usually be placed into a specific category. For example, a novel about an unsolved crime would be in the category of a mystery. The reader can then place the text into a proper context. For the purposes of our mystery novel, it could be for the reader’s own enjoyment, or perhaps an assignment for a college course. Elish-Piper asserts that â€Å"when the reader is able to connect these three key components,† it is much easier for that person to comprehend what he is reading. If the reader needs to, he can use strategies to help comprehend the text better. Elish-Piper also gives ideas for those strategies. With our mystery novel example, the reader could identify the â€Å"basic elements† of the story, which are present with any novel. These include plot, setting, and the main characters. Putting one’s self in the position of characters in the text could also help. Asking questions periodically is also a positive way of self-checking for knowledge and comprehension of the text. One might ask why this comprehension is so important. The very definition of reading comprehension serves to help answer that question. If the reader does not understand what he is reading, he probably is not gaining anything from it. It would be tantamount to staring at a book written in a foreign language. Learning does not happen by osmosis; it happens through understanding. It also allows us to make sense of ideas and concepts. The wider the variety of texts one has read and comprehended, the more knowledge that person has gained. A person with increased knowledge, therefore, understands more ideas and concepts than he did before. This can impact a wide variety of areas. It can even effect areas of public policy. Politicians pass laws, and these laws are (obviously) comprised of words. In order for these leaders to understand how their legislation will affect their intended group, they have to understand what they are writing and reading. Beyond this, policy itself is sometimes designed to shape the practice of education—and thus reading comprehension itself. Over the past years, policy makers have utilized â€Å"assessment data† in the various field of education, including reading comprehension, for â€Å"education purposes† (Moskowitz & Stephens, 2004). In supplement to policy makers, educators have their own views on reading comprehension. There are three levels of reading comprehension (Gambrell, Morrow, & Pressley, 2007). The first level is â€Å"literal. † Literal reading comprehension is the understanding of the base of what is in the text. It is the most basic level and includes items that are generally not left up to interpretation. These can include names, dates, places, and the like. The second level of reading comprehension is â€Å"interpretive. † This type of reading comprehension is not concerned so much with what is actually present, but rather, what one can gather. Reading between the lines and drawing from the reader’s own knowledge, and answering subjective questions, helps. Finally, the third and most advanced level of reading comprehension is â€Å"applied. † Bluntly, this level allows the reader to utilize what is present in the text, make sense of it using context clues, and then using the knowledge gained to learn and understand concepts and ideas outside the scope of the text at hand. Perhaps the reader is not satisfied with his level of reading comprehension. All is not lost; there are means to improve. The most obvious way to improve reading comprehension is to grow one’s vocabulary. It is never too late to learn new words. However, there is more that one can do than the obvious. Using multiple senses is an out-of-the-box way to understand new material. Combining visual and auditory senses is a helpful way to increase comprehension (Woolley, 2010). The reader can use his imagination to set the scene in the text and then read the text aloud or listen to an audio book. Making an outline of the crucial points of the text and then reading that aloud is another way to reiterate key points. Moreover, reading slowly with a purpose as opposed to reading for speed is another way to be sure the reader understands details (Newkirk, 2010). â€Å"Slowing down,† â€Å"memorizing,† and â€Å"savoring passages† are steps in this beneficial process. No matter one’s level of education, reading comprehension is an invaluable tool for success in life. Once a reader understands what reading comprehension is, he can assess his level of comprehension, and then take one or more of a large number of steps to increase his ability. This, in turn, will help him be able to make sense of the world around him, and thus, put himself in a better position to succeed with whatever he does. References Elish-Piper, L. (2010). Understanding reading comprehension: Information and ideas for parents about reading comprehension. Illinois Reading Council Journal, 38 (3). 49-52. Gambrell, L. B. , Morrow, L. M. , & Pressley, M. (2007). Best practices in literacy instruction. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Moskowitz, J. H. & Stephens, M. (2004). Comparing learning outcomes: International assessments and education policy. London: RoutledgeFalmer. Newkirk, T. (2010, March). The case for slow reading. Educational Leadership, 67 (6). 6. Woolley, G. (2010, June). Developing reading comprehension: Combining visual and verbal cognitive processes. Australian Journal of Language & Literacy, 33 (2). 108-125.

Discussion Questions for Pride and Prejudice

Discussion Questions for Pride and Prejudice Pride and Prejudice is one of the most well-known works by Jane Austen. A classic piece of literature, the ever satiric Jane Austen brings us a love story that is both critical of 19th-century English society and reminds us not to take first impressions too seriously.   Still very popular, Pride and Prejudice is a great story to discuss with friends and classmates. Here is a list of questions that can be used for conversation. What is important about the title?What conflicts did you notice in Pride and Prejudice? Were they physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional conflicts?How does Jane Austen reveal character in Pride and Prejudice?What are some themes in the story? How do they relate to the plot and characters?What are some symbols in Pride and Prejudice? How do they relate to the plot and characters?Is Elizabeth Bennet consistent in her actions? Is she a fully developed character? How so?Do you find the characters likable? Are the characters people you would want to meet?Does the novel end the way you expected? Why?What is the primary purpose of the novel? Do you find the purpose important or meaningful?How does the novel relate to feminist literature?How essential is the setting to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else?What is the role of women in the text? How are mothers represented? What about single and/or independent women?Would you recommend this novel to a friend?

Geertz and Pacanowsky Cultural Approach to Organization Essay

Geertz and Pacanowsky Cultural Approach to Organization - Essay Example From the film ‘Developing Organizational Culture,’ Tom examines how the theory can be applied in promoting an organizational culture within a workplace. He says that culture needs to be inclusive. Meaning, it should not come from one dominant section, but be a blend that reflects the entire organization. He agrees that culture is not organization, itself, is a culture and does not necessarily need to have one. Also, he concurs that it is a unique and elusive system of shared meaning which should be embraced by everyone as it determines what the organization stands for. No organization is made up of one person. Their complexities and diversities dictate that they need to be favorable for all. In conclusion, Cultural Approach to Organization is a brilliant theory that, if effectively applied in management, can help in producing an ideal workplace. Geertz and Pacanowsky did a commendable by doing a great research that can help in producing an excellent workplace. Surely, no organization has a culture because it is the very organization which is a culture. At the same time, it needs to be drawn from the narratives from the personal, corporate and collegial stories. For all organizations to excel, they need to have a set of culture which defines their system. As seen in the article and film, its effective application can help in promoting effective interpersonal and organizational communication which can in turn help in creating harmony within the workplace. It shows that the theory can help a lot if properly applied.

Policing functions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Policing functions - Essay Example The local agencies are thereby encouraged to relate well with the people in their society. A better communication will lead to understanding among the people and the policing agencies. Most of their work includes stopping the planned happenings and attacks to which might affect the government like bomb attack and they are also involved in investigating on certain happening from the base. The state agency work in hand with the local agency and are used to handle state criminal investigations and also the state highways traffic laws. It provides law enforcement in regions that do not have the county representation. The Federal agency is used for private investigation and has agencies oversees includes the Federal bureau of Investigation, Bureau of prisons among others and they are also not considered as the national police force. These are mainly used for investigative purposes like finding the allegations of Terrorist attacks and also used in maintaining law and order. The Community p olicing The community policing put in place in the development of the community regarding their issues. This was not adopted well as some thought that it was put in order for people to put up their personal issues. The community policing main impact is to assist each person in the different units. Its impact would be able to solve the community’s problems at a fundamental level making it easier for everyone instead of it being complicated at the higher level. The police were to interact with the community in which theorists and practitioners stated about the six big stakeholders the media being inclusive (International Association of Fire Chiefs, 2010). The citizens had complaints on the police practices in which the community wanted the police to be open and also be more transparent. They wanted transparency in accessing public entities like in the healthcare and education among others. This led to the formation of accrediting agencies like the Commission on Accreditation fo r law Enforcement Agencies which enabled the media to take part in the effective, ethical communications in the public and can be seen to lead to a better coordination among the people in the society. The Changing Media Media is one way of making everything being transparent and by the media being involved in the administrative works that is by the local, state and also federal, there will be a flow of activities and also crimes will be minimized. Corruption is experienced in different fields making it difficult for the laws to be reinforced from the fundamental units. This is because the administration units have a hierarchy from the local place where they are headed by the Sheriffs to the higher positions in the system. Law Enforcement in the Organizational culture Each and every place has a unique culture in its place of work depending on different law enforcement organizations. Some places are very strict in implementing law and order while other places the police administration is reluctant as their administrative power is not keen or is ignorant. From this we see that incidents like terrorists attack can be hard to change as it depends with different people with their own culture. It is difficult for people to adopting other cultures from what they used to and this policy will take time before it can be implemented fully by everyone. This can be seen by the federal law responded slowly to the methamphetamine epidemic as they had not experienced this